|
|
| Bismuth | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,18,32,18,5 |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 |
| Ground state | 4S°3/2 |
| Atomic Volume | 21.3 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 2.02 |
| Magnetic ordering | Diamagnetic |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.7 x 10-8 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | -3.6 x 10-9 |
| Speed of sound | 1790 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 207.1 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 10.48 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 179.1 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 25.52 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 7.97 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 13.4 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness | 94.2 MPa |
| Mohs hardness | 2.25 |
| Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 31 GPa |
| Poisson ratio | 0.33 |
| Shear modulus | 12 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 32 GPa |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 1.3 x 10-6 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 2.599 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 4.22 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 41.9 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
7.289 |
| Second
|
16.687 |
| Third
|
25.559 |
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
77.1079 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 50) |
74.8148 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 0) |
87.343 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
10.8388 KeV |
| Lα2 (intensity 10) |
10.73091 KeV |
| Lβ1 (intensity 38) |
13.0235 KeV |
| Lβ2 (intensity 14) |
12.9799 KeV |
| Lβ3 (intensity 2) |
13.2067 KeV |
| Lβ4 (intensity 2) |
12.6892 KeV |
| Lγ1 (intensity 8) |
15.2477 KeV |
| Lγ2 (intensity 2.7) |
15.5754 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 2) |
11.708 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 6) |
9.4203 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
160 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
143 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
146 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
No data. |
| Triple covalent
|
135 pm |
| Metallic
|
No data. |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 3 | V | 1.1 | 0.96 | C |
| VI | 1.17 | 1.03 | R* | |
| VIII | 1.31 | 1.17 | R | |
| 5 | VI | 0.9 | 0.76 | E |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
Bi+3 |
| Other
|
Bi-3, Bi+1, Bi+4 |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
703.2 |
| M+ - M2+ |
1610 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
2466 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
4372 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
5400 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
8520 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
10300 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
12300 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
14300 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
16300 |
| Covalent Bonds (kJ mol-1) |
|
| Bi-H
|
194 |
| Bi-C
|
143 |
| Bi-O
|
339 |
| Bi-F
|
314 |
| Bi-Cl
|
285 |
| Bi-Bi
|
200 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 941 | 1041 | 1165 | 1325 | 1538 | 1835 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Monoclinic |
 |
a = 667.4 pm |
| b = 611.7 pm | |
| c = 330.4 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 110.33° | |
| γ = 90° | |