|
|
| Vanadium | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,11,2 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d3 4s2 |
| Ground state | 4F3/2 |
| Atomic Volume | 8.78 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 1.63 |
| Magnetic ordering | No data |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | 6.28 x 10-8 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | 3.199 x 10-9 |
| Speed of sound | 4560 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 514.6 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 17.6 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 459.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 24.89 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 30.7 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 8.4 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness | 628 MPa |
| Mohs hardness | 7.0 |
| Vickers hardness | 628 MPa |
| Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 160 GPa |
| Poisson ratio | 0.37 |
| Shear modulus | 47 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 128 GPa |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 2.0 x 10-7 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 0.38013 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 4.3 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 120 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
6.74 |
| Second
|
14.65 |
| Third
|
29.31 |
| Incompatibilities | Strong oxidizers, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). |
| Flammability |
|
| Non-combustible solid (except as dust)
|
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
4.9522 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 50) |
4.94464 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 20) |
5.42729 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
0.5113 KeV |
| Lα2 (intensity 10) |
0.5113 KeV |
| Lβ1 (intensity 17.6) |
0.5192 KeV |
| Lβ3 (intensity 3) |
0.585 KeV |
| Lβ4 (intensity 3) |
0.585 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 40) |
0.453 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 90) |
0.446 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
135 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
171 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
125 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
No data. |
| Triple covalent
|
106 pm |
| Metallic
|
134 pm |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 2 | VI | 0.93 | 0.79 | |
| 3 | VI | 0.78 | 0.64 | R* |
| 4 | V | 0.67 | 0.53 | |
| VI | 0.72 | 0.58 | R* | |
| VIII | 0.86 | 0.72 | E | |
| 5 | IV | 0.495 | 0.355 | R* |
| V | 0.6 | 0.46 | * | |
| VI | 0.68 | 0.54 | ||
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
V+3, V+4, V+5 |
| Other
|
V-3, V-1, V0, V+1, V+2 |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
650 |
| M+ - M2+ |
1414 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
2828 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
4507 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
6294 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
12362 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
14489 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
16760 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
19860 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
22240 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 2101 | 2289 | 2523 | 2814 | 3187 | 3679 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Body centred cubic |
 |
a = 303 pm |
| b = 303 pm | |
| c = 303 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 90° | |