|
|
| Gadolinium | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,18,25,9,2 |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 |
| Ground state | 9D°2 |
| Atomic Volume | 19.9 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 1.2 |
| Magnetic ordering | Ferromagnetic |
| Speed of sound | 2680 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 352 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 15.5 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 301 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 37.03 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 10.6 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 9.4 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness | 570 MPa |
| Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 37.9 GPa |
| Poisson ratio | 0.259 |
| Shear modulus | 21.8 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 54.8 GPa |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 1.30 x 10-6 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 1.9557 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 3.1 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 46.1 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
6.15 |
| Second
|
12.095 |
| Third
|
20.635 |
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
42.9962 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 50) |
42.3089 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 22.9) |
48.697 KeV |
| Kβ2 (intensity 8.1) |
49.8898 KeV |
| Kβ3 (intensity 9.4) |
48.5483 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
6.0572 KeV |
| Lα2 (intensity 10) |
6.025 KeV |
| Lβ1 (intensity 44.5) |
6.7132 KeV |
| Lβ2 (intensity 18) |
7.1028 KeV |
| Lβ3 (intensity 10) |
6.8299 KeV |
| Lβ4 (intensity 4) |
6.6857 KeV |
| Lγ1 (intensity 6) |
7.7858 KeV |
| Lγ2 (intensity 2) |
8.0738 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 2) |
6.048 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 4.5) |
5.3627 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
180 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
233 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
196 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
No data. |
| Triple covalent
|
132 pm |
| Metallic
|
180.4 pm |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 3 | VI | 1.078 | 0.938 | R |
| VII | 1.14 | 1 | ||
| VIII | 1.193 | 1.053 | R | |
| IX | 1.247 | 1.107 | RC | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
Gd+2, Gd+3 |
| Other
|
|
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
592.5 |
| M+ - M2+ |
1167 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
1990 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
4250 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 1836 | 2028 | 2267 | 2573 | 2976 | 3535 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Hexagonal close packed |
 |
a = 363.6 pm |
| b = 363.6 pm | |
| c = 578.26 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 120° | |