|
|
| Tin | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,18,18,4 |
| Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 |
| Ground state | 3P0 |
| Atomic Volume | 16.3 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 1.96 |
| Magnetic ordering | No data |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | -3.1 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | -3.68 x 10-10 |
| Speed of sound | 2730 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 301.3 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 7.2 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 296.2 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 27.112 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 66.8 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 22.0 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness | 51 MPa |
| Mohs hardness | 1.5 |
| Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 58 GPa |
| Poisson ratio | 0.36 |
| Shear modulus | 18 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 50 GPa |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 1.1 x 10-7 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 1.1071 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 4.42 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 83.5 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
7.344 |
| Second
|
14.632 |
| Third
|
30.502 |
| Incompatibilities | Chlorine, turpentine, acids, alkalis. |
| Flammability |
|
| Non-combustible solid (except as dust)
|
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
25.2713 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 50) |
25.044 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 19.2) |
28.486 KeV |
| Kβ2 (intensity 5.3) |
29.1053 KeV |
| Kβ3 (intensity 8) |
28.4392 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
3.44398 KeV |
| Lα2 (intensity 10) |
3.43542 KeV |
| Lβ1 (intensity 42) |
3.6628 KeV |
| Lβ2 (intensity 14.7) |
3.90486 KeV |
| Lβ3 (intensity 9) |
3.7485 KeV |
| Lβ4 (intensity 4) |
3.7073 KeV |
| Lγ1 (intensity 4) |
4.13112 KeV |
| Lγ2 (intensity 2) |
4.3764 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 2) |
3.271 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 5) |
3.0426 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
145 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
145 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
141 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
217 pm |
| Triple covalent
|
132 pm |
| Metallic
|
No data. |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 4 | IV | 0.69 | 0.55 | R |
| V | 0.76 | 0.62 | C | |
| VI | 0.83 | 0.69 | R* | |
| VII | 0.89 | 0.75 | ||
| VIII | 0.95 | 0.81 | C | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
Sn+2, Sn+4 |
| Other
|
|
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
708.6 |
| M+ - M2+ |
1411.8 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
2943 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
3930.2 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
6974 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
9900 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
12200 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
14600 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
17000 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
20600 |
| Covalent Bonds (kJ mol-1) |
|
| Sn-H
|
314 |
| Sn-C
|
225 |
| Sn+2-O
|
557 |
| Sn+4-F
|
322 |
| Sn+4-Cl
|
315 |
| Sn-Sn
|
195 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 1497 | 1657 | 1855 | 2107 | 2438 | 2893 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Tetragonal |
 |
a = 583.18 pm |
| b = 583.18 pm | |
| c = 318.19 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 90° | |