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Gallium
Electron Configuration 2,8,18,3
Electron Configuration [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Ground state 21/2
Atomic Volume 11.8 g/cm3
Electronegativity 1.81
Magnetic ordering No data
Mass magnetic susceptibility -3 x 10-9
Molar magnetic susceptibility -2.09 x 10-10
Speed of sound 2740 m s-1
Thermal Properties
Enthalpy of Atomization 276.1 kJ mol-1 @25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion 5.59 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of Vaporisation 270.3 kJ mol-1
Heat Capacity 25.86 J mol-1 K-1
Thermal Conductivity 40.6 W m-1 K-1
Thermal Expansion No data.
Hardness
Brinell hardness 60 MPa
Mohs hardness 1.5
Electrical Properties
Electrical resistivity No data.
Electrical conductivity No data.
Chemical Properties
Electrochemical Equivalent 0.8671 g Ah-1
Electron Work Function 4.2 eV
Valence Electron Potential (-eV) 69.7
Ionization Potential  
First 5.999
Second 20.51
Third 30.71
Energy Levels
Kα1 (intensity 100) 9.25174 KeV
Kα2 (intensity 50) 9.22482 KeV
Kβ1 (intensity 14.2) 10.2642 KeV
Kβ3 (intensity 7.3) 10.2589 KeV
Lα1 (intensity 100) 1.09792 KeV
Lα2 (intensity 10) 1.09792 KeV
Lβ1 (intensity 30.1) 1.1248 KeV
Lβ3 (intensity 1) 1.197 KeV
Lβ4 (intensity 0.2) 1.197 KeV
Lγ3 (intensity 3) 0.984 KeV
Ll (intensity 8.5) 0.9598 KeV
Atomic Radii
Empirical 130 pm
Bohr Radius 136 pm
Covalent Radius 126 pm
Van der Waals 187 pm
Triple covalent 121 pm
Metallic 135 pm
Ionic Radii (Å)
Charge Coordination Crystal Ionic Key
IV 0.61 0.47 *
V 0.69 0.55
VI 0.76 0.62 R*
R, From r3 vs V plots.
C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations.
E, Estimated.
*, Most Reliable.
M, From Metallic Oxides.
A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius.
P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius.
Oxidation States
Main Ga+3
Other Ga+1, Ga+2
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) show graph
M - M+ 578.8
M+ - M2+ 1979
M2+ - M3+ 2963
M3+ - M4+ 6200
M4+ - M5+ 8700
M5+ - M6+ 11400
M6+ - M7+ 14400
M7+ - M8+ 17700
M8+ - M9+ 22300
M9+ - M10+ 26100
Vapour Pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1K 10K 100K
T (K) 1310 1448 1620 1838 2125 2518
Crystal Structure
Structure Orthorhombic
a = 451.97 pm
b = 766.33 pm
c = 452.6 pm
α = 90°
β = 90°
γ = 90°